Mathematics
-----------

Docutils supports inline math with the prefix or postfix ``:math:``
role specificator, :math:`n! + \sin(x_n^2)` and `A_\text{c} =
\frac{\pi}{4} d^2`:math:, as well as displayed math via the
`math` directive:

.. math::

   f(\epsilon) = \frac{1}{1 + \exp\left(\frac{\varepsilon}{k_\text{B}T}\right)}

Content may start on the first line of the directive, e.g.

.. math:: N = \frac{\text{number of apples}}{7}

Equations can be labeled with a reference name using the ``:name:`` option.
See `eq:M`_ and `eq:schrödinger`_ below.

The determinant of the matrix

.. math:: :name: eq:M

   \mathbf{M} = \left(\begin{matrix}a&b\\c&d\end{matrix}\right)

is :math:`|\mathbf{M}| = ad - bc`.

More than one display math block can be put in one math directive.
For example, the following sum and integral with limits:

.. math::

          \int_0^1 x^n dx = \frac{1}{n + 1}

          \sum_{n=1}^m n = \frac{m(m+1)}{2}

LaTeX-supported Unicode math symbols can be used in math roles and
directives:

The Schrödinger equation

.. math:: :name: eq:schrödinger

   i\hbar \frac{∂}{∂t}Ψ = \hat{H}Ψ,

with the *wave function* :math:`Ψ`, describes how the quantum state of a
physical system changes in time.

Math-Accents:
  .. list-table::
     :class: borderless
     :widths: 26 26 26

     * - :math:`\acute{a}`      ``\acute{a}``
       - :math:`\dot{t}`        ``\dot{t}``
       - :math:`\hat{\gamma}`   ``\hat{\gamma}``

     * - :math:`\grave{a}`      ``\grave{a}``
       - :math:`\ddot{t}`       ``\ddot{t}``
       - :math:`\tilde{\alpha}` ``\tilde{\alpha}``

     * - :math:`\breve{x}`      ``\breve{x}``
       - :math:`\dddot{t}`      ``\dddot{t}``
       - :math:`\vec{\imath}`   ``\vec{\imath}``

     * - :math:`\check{a}`      ``\check{a}``
       - :math:`\bar{a}`        ``\bar{a}``
       - :math:`\vec{R}`        ``\vec{R}``

..
       \widetilde{xxx}
       \widehat{xxx}

Modulation Transfer Function:

.. math::

 \text{MTF} = \left|\frac{\mathcal{F}\{s(x)\}}
                         {\mathcal{F}\{ s(x)\} |_{ω_{x}=0}}\right|
            = \mathrm{abs}\left(\frac
                  {∫_{-∞}^{∞}s(x) \mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}ω_{x}x}\mathrm{d}{x}}
                  {∫_{-∞}^{∞}s(x)\mathrm{d}{x}}
              \right).

Math split over two lines: If a double backslash is detected outside a
``\begin{...} \end{...}`` pair, the math code is wrapped in an AMSmath_
``align`` environment:

.. math::

   s_{\mathrm{out}}(x) & = s_{\mathrm{in}}(x') * s_δ(x-x') \\
                       & = ∫ s_{\mathrm{in}}(x')s_δ(x-x')\mathrm{d}x'

Cases ("manually", with ``matrix`` environment):

.. math::

   \mathrm{sgn}(x) = \left\{\begin{matrix}
                       -1 & x<0\\
                       1 & x>0
                     \end{matrix}\right.

Cases with the AMSmath_ ``cases`` environment (not (yet) supported by
HTML writers with ``--math-output=MathML``):

.. math::

   \mathrm{sgn}(x) = \begin{cases}
                       -1 & x<0\\
                        1 & x>0
                     \end{cases}

.. _AMSmath: ftp://ftp.ams.org/ams/doc/amsmath/short-math-guide.pdf
